[Digital study on proximal clavicle anatomical plate based on 3D printing technology].

OBJECTIVE: To explore feasibility of 3D metal printing technology combined with virtual design proximal clavicle anatomical plate. METHODS: A 52-year-old male healthy volunteer was retrospectively selected to design proximal clavicle anatomical plate system by using Mimics15.01,NX12.0 and other software. STL data were input into 3D printer to print 1:1 clavicle model and proximal clavicle anatomical plate. The fit of the plate was tested in vitro and the accuracy of screw position was evaluated by imaging. Printing time of model,nail path design and fabrication time of the anatomical plate at proximal clavicle were recorded. RESULTS: The 3D metal printing proximal clavicle anatomical plate fitted well to clavicle model,orientation of proximal clavicle locking screw was accurate,and X-ray and CT scan showed the screw position was good. Printing time of model,the time of nail path design,and the time of making anatomical plate of proximal clavicle were 120,15 and 300 min respectively. CONCLUSION: The proximal clavicular anatomical plate system based on 3D metal printing technology could achieve good lamination of proximal clavicular fracture plate and precise screw placement,providing a new and accurate surgical method for the treatment of the proximal clavicular fracture.

Discovery of novel arylamide derivatives containing piperazine moiety as inhibitors of tubulin polymerisation with potent liver cancer inhibitory activity.

In this work, a series of novel arylamide derivatives containing piperazine moiety were designed and synthesised as tubulin polymerisation inhibitors. Among 25 target compounds, compound 16f (MY-1121) exhibited low nanomolar IC50 values ranging from 0.089 to 0.238 µM against nine human cancer cells. Its inhibitory effects on liver cancer cells were particularly evident with IC50 values of 89.42 and 91.62 nM for SMMC-7721 and HuH-7 cells, respectively. Further mechanism studies demonstrated that compound 16f (MY-1121) could bind to the colchicine binding site of ß-tubulin and directly act on ß-tubulin, thus inhibiting tubulin polymerisation. Additionally, compound 16f (MY-1121) could inhibit colony forming ability, cause morphological changes, block cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase, induce cell apoptosis, and regulate the expression of cell cycle and cell apoptosis related proteins in liver cancer cells. Overall, the promising bioactivities of compound 16f (MY-1121) make the novel arylamide derivatives have the value for further development as tubulin polymerisation inhibitors with potent anticancer activities.

Charged multivesicular body protein 2B ameliorates biliary injury in the liver from donation after cardiac death rats via autophagy with air-oxygenated normothermic machine perfusion.

Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) could provide a curative treatment to reduce biliary injury in donation after cardiac death (DCD) donor livers; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In a rat model, our study compared air-oxygenated NMP to hyperoxygenated NMP and found that air-oxygenated NMP improved DCD functional recovery. Here, we found that the charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B) expression was substantially elevated in the intrahepatic biliary duct endothelium of the cold-preserved rat DCD liver after air-oxygenated NMP or in biliary endothelial cells under hypoxia/physoxia. CHMP2B knockout (CHMP2B-/-) rat livers showed increased biliary injury after air-oxygenated NMP, indicated by decreased bile production and bilirubin level, elevated biliary levels of lactate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Mechanically, we demonstrated that CHMP2B was transcriptionally regulated by Kruppel-like transcription factor 6 (KLF6) and alleviated biliary injury through decreasing autophagy. Collectively, our results suggested that air-oxygenated NMP regulates CHMP2B expression through the KLF6, which reduces biliary injury by inhibiting autophagy. Targeting the KLF6-CHMP2B autophagy axis may provide a solution to reducing biliary injury in DCD livers undergoing NMP.

E3 ubiquitin ligase ring finger protein 5 protects against hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury by mediating phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 ubiquitination.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) injury, a common clinical complication of liver transplantation and resection, affects patient prognosis. Ring finger protein 5 (RNF5) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays important roles in endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein reactions, and inflammatory responses; however, its role in HIR is unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS: RNF5 expression was significantly down-regulated during HIR in mice and hepatocytes. Subsequently, RNF5 knockdown and overexpression of cell lines were subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation challenge. Results showed that RNF5 knockdown significantly increased hepatocyte inflammation and apoptosis, whereas RNF5 overexpression had the opposite effect. Furthermore, hepatocyte-specific RNF5 knockout and transgenic mice were established and subjected to HIR, and RNF5 deficiency markedly aggravated liver damage and cell apoptosis and activated hepatic inflammatory responses, whereas hepatic RNF5 transgenic mice had the opposite effect compared with RNF5 knockout mice. Mechanistically, RNF5 interacted with phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 (PGAM5) and mediated the degradation of PGAM5 through K48-linked ubiquitination, thereby inhibiting the activation of apoptosis-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and its downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38. This eventually suppresses the inflammatory response and cell apoptosis in HIR. CONCLUSIONS: We revealed that RNF5 protected against HIR through its interaction with PGAM5 to inhibit the activation of ASK1 and the downstream JNK/p38 signaling cascade. Our findings indicate that the RNF5-PGAM5 axis may be a promising therapeutic target for HIR.

Regulator of G-protein signaling 14 protects the liver from ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing TGF-ß-activated kinase 1 activation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common complication of hepatectomy and liver transplantation. However, the mechanisms underlying hepatic IRI have not been fully elucidated. Regulator of G-protein signaling 14 (RGS14) is a multifunctional scaffolding protein that integrates the G-protein and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. However, the role of RGS14 in hepatic IRI remains unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We found that RGS14 expression increased in mice subjected to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) surgery and during hypoxia reoxygenation in hepatocytes. We constructed global RGS14 knockout (RGS14-KO) and hepatocyte-specific RGS14 transgenic (RGS14-TG) mice to establish 70% hepatic IRI models. Histological hematoxylin and eosin staining, levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, expression of inflammatory factors, and apoptosis were used to assess liver damage and function in these models. We found that RGS14 deficiency significantly aggravated IR-induced liver injury and activated hepatic inflammatory responses and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Conversely, RGS14 overexpression exerted the opposite effect of the RGS14-deficient models. Phosphorylation of TGF-ß-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and its downstream effectors c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 increased in the liver tissues of RGS14-KO mice but was repressed in those of RGS14-TG mice. Furthermore, inhibition of TAK1 phosphorylation rescued the effect of RGS14 deficiency on JNK and p38 activation, thus blocking the inflammatory responses and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: RGS14 plays a protective role in hepatic IR by inhibiting activation of the TAK1-JNK/p38 signaling pathway. This may be a potential therapeutic strategy for reducing incidences of hepatic IRI in the future.

Interaction analysis of gene variants related to one-carbon metabolism with chronic hepatitis B infection in Chinese patients.

BACKGROUND: The risk of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is influenced by aberrant DNA methylation and altered nucleotide synthesis and repair, possibly caused by polymorphic variants in one-carbon metabolism genes. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between polymorphisms belonging to the one-carbon metabolic pathway and CHB infection. METHODS: A case-control study using 230 CHB patients and 234 unrelated healthy controls was carried out to assess the genetic association of 24 single nucleotide polymorphisins (SNPs) determined by mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Three SNPs, comprising rs10717122 and rs2229717 in serine hydroxymethyltransferase1/2 (SHMT2) and rs585800 in betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT), were associated with the risk of CHB. Patients with DEL allele, DEL.DEL and DEL.T genotypes of rs10717122 had a 1.40-, 2.00- and 1.83-fold increased risk for CHB, respectively. Cases inheriting TA genotype of rs585800 had a 2.19-fold risk for CHB infection. The T allele of rs2229717 was less represented in the CHB cases (odds ratio = 0.66, 95% confidence interval = 0.48-0.92). The T allele of rs2229717 was less in patients with a low hepatitis B virus-DNA level compared to the control group (odds ratio = 0.49, 95% confidence interval = 0.25-0.97) and TT genotype of rs2229717 had a significant correlation with hepatitis B surface antigen level (p = 0.0195). Further gene-gene interaction analysis showed that subjects carrying the rs10717122 DEL.DEL/DEL.T and rs585800 TT/TA genotypes had a 2.74-fold increased risk of CHB. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that rs10717122, rs585800 and rs2229717 and gene-gene interactions of rs10717122 and rs585800 affect the outcome of CHB infection, at the same time as indicating their usefulness as a predictive and diagnostic biomarker of CHB infection.

hMex-3A is associated with poor prognosis and contributes to the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: HMex-3A, an RNA-binding protein, was found to be associated with tumorigenesis. However, the roles of hMex-3A in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression remained unclear. METHODS: The different expression of hMex-3A between HCC tissues and non-tumor tissues was evaluated using The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Thereafter, the hMex-3A expression was evaluated in HCC tissues using Western blotting and qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate the association between hMex-3A level and clinicopathological features including prognosis in HCC patients. In addition, we used si-hMex-3A to knockdown hMex-3A in HCC cells to test Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, cell migration and invasion. RESULTS: The hMex-3A expression was significantly elevated in HCC tissues. Analysis of the clinicopathological parameters suggested that hMex-3A expression was significantly associated with pathological grade (P = 0.019) and TNM stage (P = 0.001) in HCC. Moreover, univariate and multivariate Cox-regression analyses revealed that high hMex-3A expression (HR = 1.491, 95% CI: 1.107-2.007; P = 0.009) was an independent risk factor for overall survival in HCC patients. Finally, we confirmed that si-hMex-3A could significantly inhibit HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: HMex-3A may contribute to the progression of HCC and might be used as a novel therapeutic target and prognostic marker in HCC.

Tripartite Motif-Containing 27 Attenuates Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Suppressing Transforming Growth Factor ß-Activated Kinase 1 (TAK1) by TAK1 Binding Protein 2/3 Degradation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which mainly involves inflammatory responses and apoptosis, is a common cause of organ dysfunction in liver transplantation (LT). As a critical mediator of inflammation and apoptosis in various cell types, the role of tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) 27 in hepatic I/R injury remains worthy of study. APPROACH AND RESULTS: This study systemically evaluated the putative role of TRIM27/transforming growth factor ß-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)/JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase)/p38 signaling in hepatic I/R injury. TRIM27 expression was significantly down-regulated in liver tissue from LT patients, mice subjected to hepatic I/R surgery, and hepatocytes challenged by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment. Subsequently, using global Trim27 knockout mice (Trim27-KO mice) and hepatocyte-specific Trim27 transgenic mice (Trim27-HTG mice), TRIM27 functions to ameliorate liver damage, reduce the inflammatory response, and prevent cell apoptosis. In parallel in vitro studies, activating TRIM27 also prevented H/R-induced hepatocyte inflammation and apoptosis. Mechanistically, TRIM27 constitutively interacted with the critical components, TAK1 and TAK1 binding protein 2/3 (TAB2/3), and promoted the degradation of TAB2/3, leading to inactivation of TAK1 and the subsequent suppression of downstream JNK/p38 signaling. CONCLUSIONS: TRIM27 is a key regulator of hepatic I/R injury by mediating the degradation of TAB2/3 and suppression of downstream TAK1-JNK/p38 signaling. TRIM27 may be a promising approach to protect the liver against I/R-mediated hepatocellular damage in transplant recipients.

[Meta-analysis of direct anterior approach and other approaches for hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture].

OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of high-quality direct anterior approach (DAA) and other approaches for the treatment of elderly patients with femoral neck fracture. METHODS: Literatures published in English or Chinese about the direct anterior approach and other approaches for hemiarthroplasty in femoral neck fracture were searched on Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of science, Wanfang, CNKI databases from their establishment to May 2019. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two researchers independently screened the literatures, and extracted the data. The quality of RCT were evaluated by Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool, and non-RCT were evaluated by the NOS scale. Meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of 9 articles were included with 901 cases, in which 429 cases used DAA, and 472 used other approaches. DAA had a significantly lower dislocation rate compared to subgroup of posterior and posterolateral approach [OR=0.19, 95%CI (0.06, 0.61), P=0.005]. No significant differences were found between DAA group and subgroup of direct lateral and anterolateral approach[OR=1.08, 95%CI(0.20, 5.76), P=0.93]. Also there were no relevant differences between the DAA group and control in infection rate[OR=1.07, 95%CI(0.47, 2.43), P=0.88], perioperative fracture rate[OR=0.95, 95%CI(0.36, 2.50), P=0.92], re operation rate[OR=0.76, 95%CI(0.30, 1.89), P=0.55], overall complication rate [OR=0.88, 95%CI (0.63, 1.22), P=0.44], mortality [OR=1.33, 95%CI (0.84, 2.11), P=0.23], operative time[MD=1.43, 95%CI(-5.85, 8.71), P=0.70]. CONCLUSION: The current evidenceindicates that the DAA was associated with a significantly lower dislocation rate compared to posterior capsular approaches for hemiarthroplasty. There was no significant difference in dislocation rate with the lateral and anterolateral approach.

Synaptopodin-2 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis via calcineurin-induced nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of malignant liver tumor, has a grim prognosis. As a functional protein, synaptopodin-2 (SYNPO2) has been associated with malignancy; however, the expression profile and function of SYNPO2 in HCC remains unknown. Herein, we revealed that SYNPO2 was transcriptionally downregulated in HCC tissues from both The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort and our cohort, and was also decreased at the translational level as determined by western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, reduced SYNPO2 expression correlated significantly with short overall survival and recurrence free survival of HCC patients. Restoring SYNPO2 expression inhibited the proliferation and aggressiveness of hepatocarcinoma cells. Mechanistically, increasing the ratio of cytoplasmic SYNPO2 to nuclear SYNPO2 was positively associated with recurrence rate in HCC patients; calcineurin (CaN) activity positively correlated with cytoplasmic SYNPO2 levels in HCC tissues; and nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation of SYNPO2 was induced by CaN to facilitate metastasis of HCC through assembly of peripheral actin bundles. In short, our findings uncover a novel role of SYNPO2 in HCC metastasis via the CaN/SYNPO2/F-actin axis, and indicate that SYNPO2 may serve as a possible prognostic marker and novel therapeutic target.

Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 3 Deficiency in Hepatocytes Protects the Liver Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Suppressing Transforming Growth Factor-ß-Activated Kinase 1.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury remains a major challenge affecting the morbidity and mortality of liver transplantation. Effective strategies to improve liver function after hepatic I/R injury are limited. Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 3 (Steap3), a key regulator of iron uptake, was reported to be involved in immunity and apoptotic processes in various cell types. However, the role of Steap3 in hepatic I/R-induced liver damage remains largely unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS: In the present study, we found that Steap3 expression was significantly up-regulated in liver tissue from mice subjected to hepatic I/R surgery and primary hepatocytes challenged with hypoxia/reoxygenation insult. Subsequently, global Steap3 knockout (Steap3-KO) mice, hepatocyte-specific Steap3 transgenic (Steap3-HTG) mice, and their corresponding controls were subjected to partial hepatic warm I/R injury. Hepatic histology, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis were monitored to assess liver damage. The molecular mechanisms of Steap3 function were explored in vivo and in vitro. The results demonstrated that, compared with control mice, Steap3-KO mice exhibited alleviated liver damage after hepatic I/R injury, as shown by smaller necrotic areas, lower serum transaminase levels, decreased apoptosis rates, and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, whereas Steap3-HTG mice had the opposite phenotype. Further molecular experiments showed that Steap3 deficiency could inhibit transforming growth factor-ß-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation and downstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 signaling during hepatic I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS: Steap3 is a mediator of hepatic I/R injury that functions by regulating inflammatory responses as well as apoptosis through TAK1-dependent activation of the JNK/p38 pathways. Targeting hepatocytes, Steap3 may be a promising approach to protect the liver against I/R injury.

Anthraquinones from Cassiae semen as thrombin inhibitors: in vitro and in silico studies.

Thrombin inhibitor therapy is one of the most effective therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases. Although several marketed direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) have been widely used in clinic, the potentially serious complications of these DTIs prompted the researchers to find more DTIs with improved safety profiles. Herein, we report that natural anthraquinones in Cassiae semen (the seed of Cassia obtusifolia L. or C. tora L.), including obtusifolin, obtusin, aurantio-obtusin and chryso-obtusin, display strong to moderate inhibition on human thrombin, with the IC50 values ranging from 9.08 µM to 27.88 µM. Further investigation on the inhibition kinetics demonstrates that these anthraquinones are mixed inhibitors against thrombin-mediated Z-GGRAMC acetate hydrolysis, while obtusifolin and aurantio-obtusin show strong thrombin inhibition capacity, with the Ki values of 9.63 µM and 10.30 µM, respectively. Docking simulations demonstrate that both obtusifolin and aurantio-obtusin can simultaneously bind on the catalytic cavity and the two anion binding exosites (ABE1 and ABE2), while the hydroxyl group at the C-7 site and the methoxyl group at the C-8 site can create key interactions with the amino acids surrounding the catalytic cavity via hydrogen bonding. All these findings suggest that obtusifolin and aurantio-obtusin are strong thrombin inhibitors possessing a unique anthraquinone skeleton, and could be used as lead compounds for the development of new thrombin inhibitors with improved properties.

Upregulation of Mcl-1 inhibits JQ1-triggered anticancer activity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Bromodomains and extra-terminal (BET) proteins inhibitors are promising cancer therapeutic agents. However, tumor cells often develop resistance to BET inhibitors, greatly limiting their therapeutic potential. To study the mechanism underlying the resistance of BET inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, we herein investigated the impact of BET inhibitor JQ1 on the gene expression of Bcl-2 family members by RNA sequencing analysis, and found that acute treatment with JQ1 triggered upregulation of Mcl-1 in HCCLM3 and BEL7402 cell lines. This JQ1-triggered Mcl-1 upregulation was further confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis, both at mRNA and protein levels. Inhibition of Mcl-1 by RNA interference dramatically enhanced JQ1-triggered caspase-3 activation, cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and apoptotic cell death induction in multiple HCC cell lines. Moreover, JQ1 in combination with cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol at a subtoxic concentration that reduced expression of Mcl-1, triggered massive apoptotic cell death in HCCLM3 and BEL7402 cell lines. Together, these data suggest that Mcl-1 is a major contributor to BET inhibitor-resistance in HCC cells, and that combining drugs capable of down-regulating Mcl-1 may promote therapeutic potential in human HCC.

Oridonin synergistically enhances JQ1-triggered apoptosis in hepatocellular cancer cells through mitochondrial pathway.

Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Domain (BET) inhibitors, such as JQ1 have emerged as novel drug candidates and are being enthusiastically pursued in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. However, many solid cancers are resistance to BET inhibitors. To explore methods for improving the therapeutic potential of BET inhibitors, we investigated the combinational activity of JQ1 with Oridonin, a bioactive molecules derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Our results showed that Oridonin synergistically enhanced the abilities of JQ1 to inhibit cell viability in HCC cells and, significantly augmented JQ1-triggered apoptosis in HCC cells and in HCC cancer stem-like cells. Moreover, Oridonin dose-dependently inhibited the expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (xIAP) in HCC cells. Cell fractionation and western blotting analysis showed that the enhancement of apoptosis by Oridonin was associated with cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-9, -3 and cleavage of PARP, indicating the activation of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that Oridonin may be used to effectively enhance the sensitivity of BET inhibitors in HCC therapy via downregulation of the expression of multiple anti-apoptotic proteins.

Kruppel-like factor 6 suppresses growth and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo.

Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) as a novel tumor suppressive gene participates in multiple biological behaviors and plays an important role in regulating tumor cell growth and invasion. However, the functions of KLF6 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain poorly understood. The expression level of KLF6 was examined by immunohistochemical assay in human HCC tissues, and KLF6-overexpressed HCC cells (SMCC-7721 and HepG2) were used for evaluating cell proliferation and invasion by MTT and Transwell assays. A subcutaneous HCC tumor model was established for assessing tumor growth in vivo. Our results showed that the expression of KLF6 was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues compared with the adjacent non-cancerous tissues (50.0% vs. 72.0%, P = 0.034) and negatively associated with the lymph-vascular space invasion (LVSI) in HCC patients (P = 0.003). Furthermore, overexpression of KLF6 reduced cell proliferation and weakened the cell invasive potential followed with the decreased expression of PCNA and MMP-9 in HCC cells. The in vivo experiment indicated that KLF6 overexpression suppressed the xenograft tumor growth. Therefore, our findings show that KLF6 suppresses growth and invasion of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a tumor suppressive function in HCC and provides the potential therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.

[Surgical treatment for desmoplastic fibroma of bone].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss clinical effects of surgical treatment for desmoplastic fibroma of bone. METHODS: Between June 2000 and June 2010, 15 cases of desmoplastic fibroma were treated by surgical operation including 4 males and 7 females with an average age of 39 years old (ranged from 18 to 64 years old). The site of tumor was proximal femur in 4 cases, distal femur in 3, distal tibia in 2, proximal humerus in 1, distal humerus in 1, scapula in 1, pelvic in 2, manubrium of sternum in 1. The simple intralesional curettage was performed in 1 case. The other 14 cases were divided into two groups, 7 cases had an aggressive curettage with inactivation and the last 7 cases had a wide resection. Recurrence condition were observed after operation. The function was valuated in two groups after the operation according to Enneking's standard. RESULTS: The mean duration of follow-up was 56 months (ranged, 18 to 132 months). Two cases recurred, but no metastasis. The patient with simple intralesional curettage recurreed, 1 of the 7 patients with a wide resection recurred. The recurrence rate was 13.3% (2/15). There was no recurrence in the group with an aggressive curettage with inactivation. According to Enneking's standard, Enneking scoring was 21.6 +/- 3.8 in the group with a wide resection and 28.3 +/- 1.3 in another group, The results were excellent in 2 cases and good in 5 in the group with a wide resection, excellent in 7 in the other group. CONCLUSION: The aggressive curettage with inactivation has better functional recovery than the wide resection,and it should be chosen when the lesion is small or located in an area where reconstruction is difficult.

Matrine induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo through the upregulation of Bax and Fas/FasL and downregulation of Bcl-2.

PURPOSE: Matrine, one of the main active components of extracts from the dry roots of Sophora flavescens, has potent anti-tumor activity in various cancer cell lines. However, the activity of matrine against osteosarcoma remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of matrine on human osteosarcoma cells and explored the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Four human osteosarcoma cell lines: MG-63, U-2OS, Saos-2, and MNNG/HOS were treated by matrine and subjected to MTT assay, annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, and TUNEL assay. The activation of caspases and the expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors were examined by qRT-PCR and Western blot. In addition, MNNG/HOS xenograft tumors were established in female nude BALB/c mice, and matrine was intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered to evaluate the anti-cancer capacity of matrine in vivo. RESULTS: We found that matrine inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis of the four osteosarcoma cell lines in vitro and induced the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the pro-apoptotic factors Bax and Fas/FasL were upregulated, and the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was downregulated. More importantly our in vivo, studies showed that administration of matrine decreased tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated the downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax and Fas/FasL in MNNG/HOS tumor tissues following matrine treatment, consistent with the in vitro results. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that matrine inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo. The induction of apoptosis appears to occur through the upregulation of Fas/FasL and Bax, downregulation of Bcl-2, and activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9, which then trigger major apoptotic cascades.